TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Despite having no impact on the HFD-induced obesity, pharmacological mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin worsened the inflammation and glucose intolerance, as shown by the rise in adipose tissue pro-inflammatory macrophages and elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 (187).