It has been demonstrated that increased circulating levels of typical gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins, including PCS, IS, PS and TMAO, trigger oxidative stress and increase the production of ROS, which activates NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to inflammation in glomerular endothelial cells and exacerbating renal dysfunction of DKD (Chen et al., 2017; Fang Q. et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2017a; Mosterd et al., 2021; Ni et al., 2022). Here, NLRP3 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.