Increased levels of circulating trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), one of the intestinal microbiota metabolites, may also exert pro-inflammatory effects through NLRP3 activation and nuclear NF-κB signals, contributing to renal interstitial fibrosis and dysfunction in DKD (Fang Q. et al., 2021; Mosterd et al., 2021; Wang Y. et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and diabetic kidney disease.