Better pneumonia scoring systems, that include HIV infection and CD4+ counts, may also ensure earlier recognition and treatment of high-risk patients.41 Further improvement, with linked HIV and tuberculosis care, is needed, together with close communication between inpatient and outpatient care.30 Efforts and research into the improving cooperation between the different levels of healthcare, earlier detection of diseases like tuberculosis, as well as education of hospitalised patients may yield further survival benefits. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.