GDF15 and metabolic disease: The G/A ratio is a recently proposed index whose increment was independently correlated with the risk of T2DM in all study populations aged 18–70 years and subgroups, compared to GDF-15 or adiponectin levels alone after adjusting for confounders; however, adiponectin concentrations had a stronger association with T2DM in relatively healthy men, but not in relatively healthy women and participants with metabolic disorders (17).