TNF and hydrops fetalis: Then, liver inflammation can further trigger the activation of liver macrophages and their recruitment to the liver to produce cytokines and chemokines, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), to induce the activation of HSCs, thereby regulating HF (Tsuchida and Friedman, 2017).