TIMP1 and hydrops fetalis: After QE treatment, ECM formation was inhibited, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were regulated, and QE inhibited the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting HSCs activation, reducing HSCs autophagy, and inhibiting HF(Wu L. et al., 2017).