INS and chronic kidney disease: Without stratifying by insulin treatment status, other cohort studies among patients with CKD and T2DM have demonstrated a mean HbA1c of 6.7-8.6% (50-70 mmol/mol), with the proportion achieving HbA1c ≤ 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) ranging from 23.9 to 45.8% and HbA1c ≤ 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) from 68.1 to 75.0% [3, 16–24].