[126] showed that the expression level of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in CD14+ monocytes correlates with decreased autophagy and Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) activity, resulting in a reduced rate of differentiation into M2-type macrophages following anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment, which may explain the unresponsiveness to anti-TNF therapy of IBD patients with high levels of TREM-1 expression. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.