PARP1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition, the expression levels of cleaved PARP1 and cleaved caspase-3, which are markers of apoptosis, were markedly elevated in T2DM-induced Cdh5 Cre + ; Wwp2fl/fl mice compared to T2DM-induced Cdh5 Cre-; Wwp2fl/fl mice (Fig. 3C, D).