Indeed, we have demonstrated that TTh interruption, and consequential reduced total testosterone levels, results in worsening of symptoms including obesity parameters, aging male symptoms (AMS), IPSS, residual voiding volume and bladder wall thickness, erectile function and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), while prostate volume remained unchanged until treatment resumed whereby these effects were reversed [32]. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.