VANGL2 and invasive breast carcinoma: Despite reports that Vangl2 is highly expressed in 25% of invasive breast cancers [18] and that elevated VANGL2 correlates with advanced-stage disease and decreased metastasis-free survival of breast cancer patients [31], the functional role of Vangl2 in breast cancer malignancy has remained largely unexplored and its contribution to breast cancer metastasis has not been reported.