VANGL1 and breast carcinoma: Consistent with observations that Vangl1 or Vangl2 overexpression enhances cellular motility (Fig. 2c–d), Vangl1 or Vangl2 overexpression in MCF7 breast cancer cells elicits a hyper-protrusive leading edge (Fig. 4b), suggesting that elevated Vangl may mediate the assembly of Wnt/PCP complexes that promote the formation of pro-migratory protrusions that drive collective cell migration.