VANGL1 and invasive breast carcinoma: We have reported that VANGL1 and VANGL2 are, respectively, upregulated in 5% and 24% of invasive breast carcinomas compared to healthy breast tissue, [18] and others have found that elevated VANGL1 and VANGL2 are also associated with increased recurrence and decreased metastasis-free survival of breast cancer patients [28, 31].