DEFA3 and pulmonary tuberculosis: Genes that best predicted TST conversion included DEFA1 and DEFA3, both proposed biomarkers for detecting TB from latent TB in children [7, 8]; HLA-DQAI, which was associated with protection against pulmonary TB in a prior meta-analysis of TB infection in adults [34]; and IFITM3, which is implicated in the restriction of mycobacterial growth [35].