PLN and heart failure: PLN pathogenic variants have been reported to date in ACM, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure patients, including missense (c.25C > T (p.Arg9Cys), c.26G > A (p.Arg9His), c.73C > T (p.Arg25Cys)), nonsense (c.116T > G (p.Leu39Ter), c.4G > T, (p.Glu2Ter)), deletion (c.40_42delAGA, (p.Arg14del) and promoter (−36 A > C, −42 C > G) genetic variants (5, 16–22).