GPC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: There are several biomarkers for HCC, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (Colli et al., 2021), alpha-fetoprotein lens culinaris agglutin-3 (AFP-L3) (Choi et al., 2019), glypican-3 (GPC3) (Chen et al., 2022), sonic hedgehog ligand (SHh) (Li H.-Y.