Several inflammatory factors, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as oxidative stress factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), are involved in inflammation-related kidney injury in DN (47). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and liver dysplastic nodule.