However, studies of a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mouse model have also identified tumor-restraining α-SMA+ CAFs (rCAFs) and tumor-promoting FAP+ CAFs (pCAFs), which are involved in the aggregation of regulatory T cells [38], suggesting the complexity of α-SMA+ CAF function. Here, ACTA1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.