CCL2 and colitis: Mice with colitis treated with PPIs showed an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, interleukin-17A (IL-17A), TNF-α, interferon-γ ( IFN-γ), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [102].