Examples of genes higher in non-neoplastic astrocyte include genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (CLU, APOE)21,22, metallothionein genes (MT1H, MT1G, MT1M, MT1F, MT1E, MT1X, MT2A, and MT3—increased in reactive astrocytes23), Synuclein genes (SNCA, SNCB, and SNCG), WIF1, CHI3L2 (associated with poor prognosis in glioma24), ALDOC, ALDOA, AQP4, carbonic anhydrases CA2 and CA11, and CXCL14, a cytokine implicated in promoting glioma invasion25 (Supplementary Dataset 4). Here, APOE is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.