FMO5 and diabetes mellitus: Vitamin D3 is reported to contribute to the prevention of some chronic diseases, such as diabetes (Gren 2013) and cardiovascular disease (El-Gohary and Allam 2017) by regulation of oxidative stress via increasing the antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and SOD, and suppressing the expression of NADPH oxidase.