CSF1R and ischemia: CSF-1R inhibition provided neuroprotection for intracerebral hemorrhage by preserving blood–brain barrier integrity and reducing leukocyte infiltration.42 Those findings are contrasted by studies showing that CSF-1R inhibition exacerbated neuroinflammation and brain pathology after ischemia.43,44 Microglia depleted with PLX before mFPI injury prevented TBI-associated functional and behavioral impairments in the mouse.45 However, PLX treatment before experimental stroke increased infarct volume and resulted in higher levels of infiltrating monocytes.46