CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Our results agree with previous findings, where obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation (Bing, 2015; Sindhu et al., 2015; Khanna et al., 2022) generates an increase in MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 as observed in the HD group at 6 and 13 months.