GDF11 and ulcerative colitis: In the present study, although the levels of IL-1β were not evaluated, we found lower expression levels of Nlrp3 in the groups treated with L. lactis (pExu:gdf11), demonstrating immunomodulation of this multiprotein complex, and corroborating similar results previously found in Ulcerative Colitis disease model and neointimal hyperplasia model utilizing GDF11 (Wang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2022).