Additionally, 5hmC hypo-DMRs were enriched in nervous system development, regulation of the FGFR signaling pathway, positive regulation of IL-13 and IL-4 production, mesenchymal cell development, and negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation suggesting that 5hmC also plays a role in regulating the proliferation, immune escape, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer cells (Fig. 1E and F). Here, IL4 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.