IL6 and cancer: Consistently, immune response-related cancer hallmark pathways such as the IFN-α response (NES = −2.13, p = 0.029) and IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway (NES = −1.95, p = 0.023) were also enriched in the low ICBcircSig score group in Cohort 2 (Supplementary Fig. 6a), suggesting that patients with low ICBcircSig scores may exhibit a more activated immune microenvironment.