Critically, phenotypic differences exist across these studies, effects that may be partly dependent upon whether treatment was performed during gestation or during gestation and lactation; however, common features in most studies using rodents aged several months, include impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, decreased serum adiponectin, dyslipidemia, and decreased β-cell mass, with modest or no weight gain (Fig. 3A). This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and metabolic syndrome.