CDH11 and neoplasm: 35) important in the formation of the neural crest (NC) cells, has been further shown in disease models to cause tumour growth, cell survival and EMT (Refs 49, 50, 51). It has been further suggested that intracellular downstream signalling of CDH11 is essential for maintenance and survival of premigratory NC cells. In addition, cells require CDH11 for physiological cell–cell, adhesion-related EMT in the preparatory steps prior to migration (Ref. 52).