In stark contrast, plasma VL was higher magnitude in AF-positive dams in the CD4-depleted groups of dams, with AF-positive dams demonstrating higher maternal plasma VL (punadj = 0.004, pFDR = 0.004), driving the difference in the maternal plasma VLs in the combined group (punadj = 0.0013, pFDR = 0.0013). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and atrial fibrillation.