ESR1 and ovarian carcinoma: Thereby, the role of GPER expression in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis either as promoting or as suppressing factor remains still subject to current research: for either Erα-negative or Erα-positive ovarian cancer cells, GPER-mediated signaling pathways were found to promote ovarian cancer cell proliferation (Liu et al. 2014; Albanito et al. 2008).