FGF5 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): In addition, expression of the FGFR1 IIIc isoform and FGF5 is elevated in astrocytoma and GBM patient samples compared to non-malignant controls, and FGF5 promotes oncogenic cell growth and survival through autocrine and paracrine signalling through the FGF/FGFR signalling axis [104].