ACE and acute kidney injury: Most antihypertensive medications, with the exception of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, increased the risk of AKI, with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (SHR 1.54, 95% CI = 1.51 to 1.57) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (SHR 1.43, 95% CI = 1.38 to 1.48) conferring the highest risk (Table 2).