In addition to NOD1 and NOD2, NLRP3 activation is linked to more severe metabolic disease [89] and bacterial peptidoglycan is a known activator of NLRP3 [5,17], but experiments directly testing the impact of peptidoglycan on NLRP3-induced metabolic changes have not been reported and will require further study. Here, NOD1 is linked to metabolic disease.