TNF and Alzheimer disease: Activated microglia release some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-∞ and IL-1β which regulates the inflammation.44 Interestingly, IL-1β regulates the amyloid precursor protein, parent protein of Aβ.45 The CSF- IL-1β is higher in AD than in age-matched control patients.46 By the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway, highly concentrated IL-1β accelerates tau hyperphosphorylation and NFT formation in triple transgenic AD mouse model.47