TNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, to mimic the milieu of the AD brain, we stimulated the microglia and hippocampal slices with exogenous Aβ, which resulted in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, GM-CSF and IL-10) in both the in-vitro and ex-vivo models.