The regional specificity of epilepsy-associated Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway variants in the temporal lobe, vs PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway variants in the extratemporal cortex, recalls cancers where common driver variations are characteristic to particular cell and tissue types.19 Hence, the regional genetic specificity of focal epilepsies may represent the major differences in cellular architecture and proliferative properties between different brain regions. Here, AKT1 is linked to focal epilepsy.