TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: Studies of F. nucleatum as a sole initiator have shown that it promotes oncogenesis via a variety of pathways, including upregulating CRC cell glycolysis and activating TLR4 signaling to manipulate the expression of miRNA21, which results in the proliferation of CRC cells in the murine model (Yang et al., 2017, p. 21; Hong et al., 2021).