SPP1 and Parkinson disease: SPP1 is particularly interesting in the context of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease, as this cytokine is elevated in the brains of Parkinson’s disease patients and has a direct impact on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.22 In addition, metalloproteinases (MMP-7, TIMP-1 and MMP-9) have multifaceted roles in neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and neurogenesis.23