Even though here we focus on MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling cascades and the impact of their dysregulation, we note that the Hippo signaling pathway (Fig. 5) similarly feeds into the cell cycle and has been implicated in cell development and cancer (Fu et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2019a; Zheng and Pan, 2019). Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.