VEGFA and neoplasm: In addition, the level of prostaglandin is often elevated, and prostaglandin E2 is thought to inhibit apoptosis of cancer cells, and increase tumor invasion and angiogenesis through the NF-κB, MAPK/JNK/p38, and VEGF/PI3kinase/Akt/mTOR pathways and epigenetic modification (7, 8).