MAPK3 and neoplasm: Sinapine (1) inhibits tumor growth by suppressing the FGFR4-FRS2α-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, downregulates P-glycoprotein expression (Guo et al., 2014), antagonizes the mutagenic effect of cyclophthalamide on mouse bone marrow cells, downregulates the expression of the apoptosis suppressor gene Bcl-2 in tumor cells, and facilitates apoptosis in mouse sarcoma S180 cells (Ke, 2008).