S100B and injury: Fan (2010) showed that SHD could significantly reduce cerebral edema, increase the expression of zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1) in rats with the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and significantly reduce the content of S100β protein in the serum of these rats. When BBB is open or broken, S100β protein can reach the peripheral blood. This protein protects BBB in rats with the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may be achieved by up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 protein, a linker protein between transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton proteins (Li et al., 2022).