INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In clinical settings, acute (i.e., single bout) (Mackenzie et al., 2011; Mackenzie et al., 2012b) and chronic (i.e., 3 times/week for 4–6 weeks) (Haufe et al., 2008; Wiesner et al., 2010; De Groote et al., 2018) exercise in combination with hypoxia (∼2,700–3,100 m) can lead to improved metabolic health markers (e.g., plasma glucose and insulin), body compositional changes and cardiorespiratory health in people with overweight or obesity (Fernandez Menendez et al., 2018).