A larger set of serum soluble mediators with increased ratios was identified for COVID-19 groups at the 3rd pregnancy trimester, including CXCL8, CCL11, IL-5 and PDGF (3x increase), CCL3, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-13 (4x increase), CCL2, TNF-α (7x) along with IL-1Ra, IL-9, GM-CSF and FGF-basic (5x, 9x, 9x, and 15x increase, respectively) (Figure 3C). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.