APP and Alzheimer disease: The various roles of small GTPases super familys in AD pathogenesis have been extensively reviewed (Zhu et al., 2000; Bolognin et al., 2014; Arrazola Sastre et al., 2020, 2021), several studies have examined the relationship between Rho GTPases, amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis, and β-amyloid (Aβ) production in various cell lines (Boo et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009).