RAN and atrial fibrillation: Consistent with the electrophysiological data, the combination of KN-93 and either RAN or ELEC at the mentioned concentrations generated greater inhibitory effects on phospho-NaV1.5 and phospho-CaMKII protein expression levels and late INa than each inhibitor alone or their sum (n = 5; electronic supplementary material, figure S2), suggesting that the inhibitors of late INa and CaMKII synergistically act to inhibit ISO-induced AF.