These observations indicate that these cytokines are biologically linked to higher tumour aggressiveness, as EML4-ALK V3 and TP53 mutations detected either at baseline or at progression are established molecular risk factors of ALK + NSCLC according to several retrospective studies and the prospective ALTA-1L Phase 3 trial [60–63]. Here, TP53 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.