These observations indicate that these cytokines are biologically linked to higher tumour aggressiveness, as EML4-ALK V3 and TP53 mutations detected either at baseline or at progression are established molecular risk factors of ALK + NSCLC according to several retrospective studies and the prospective ALTA-1L Phase 3 trial [60–63]. This evidence concerns the gene EML4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.