TNF and pulmonary emphysema: In addition, there were increased mRNA levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, GCSF, macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2), KC, and protein expression of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) in lung tissue and the destruction of airway spaces (a feature of emphysema).35