Consistent with established roles in cancer15, BRCA2, BRCA1 and ATM PTV burdens were associated with increased risk of breast (BRCA2: odds ratio (OR) = 5.85, P = 1.45 × 10−71; BRCA1: OR = 9.12, P = 7.88 × 10−47, ATM: OR = 2.70, P = 6.47 × 10−14) and ovarian cancer (BRCA2: OR = 9.33, P = 1.29 × 10−33; BRCA1: OR = 13.96, P = 3.74 × 10−12) in females, whereas BRCA2 was associated with prostate cancer in males (OR = 3.47, P = 3.55 × 10−15) (Supplementary Table 4 and Extended Data Fig. 2). Here, BRCA1 is linked to prostate cancer.