CD274 and neoplasm: In future studies, to elucidate the relationship between tissue PD-L1 expression and extracellular PD-L1, CPS, which measures the expression of PD-L1 in both tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, would be a more appropriate option for evaluating PD-L1 expression in tissue compared to solely measuring PD-L1 expression in cancer cells.