Our models do not have these limitations, and thus enabled us to identify multiple prognostic factors for invasive progression of DCIS, including solid growth, comedonecrosis, grade 3, ER and PR negativity, HER2 positivity, and high Ki67, whereas columnar growth or a luminal A subtype are indicative of low-risk DCIS. Here, PGR is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.