By RNA sequencing of 64 human LV samples comprising 14 nonfailing hearts, 37 LV samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 13 LV samples from patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), ISG15 was found to be upregulated 1.4- to 1.7-fold in either DCM or ICM (Figure 6A) (28). This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and ischemic cardiomyopathy.