INS and Hypoinsulinemia: TCDDHFD dams showed accelerated weight gain and pronounced hyperglycemia, dysregulated glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels (initially hypoinsulinemia followed by prolonged hyperinsulinemia), reduced islet size, decreased MAFA+ β-cells, and increased cytoplasmic proinsulin accumulation compared with COHFD dams (Hoyeck et al., 2020b).